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Textbook for 8th grade (Part 2) Literature
Questions and assignments based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Snow Maiden"
- How do you imagine A.M. Ostrovsky? Tell us about it using materials from the textbook.
- Read the play “The Snow Maiden” in its entirety. Determine which events of the play make up its composition: exposition, beginning, culture, denouement.
- Which scenes from The Snow Maiden made the strongest impression on you? Why?
- Make a thesis plan for the textbook heading “In the world of literary expression of the play “The Snow Maiden”.”
- Name keywords, necessary to characterize the central images of the play.
- Formulate the artistic idea of the play-fairy tale by A.N. Ostrovsky.
- Define the genre of “The Snow Maiden”.
- What is the stage fate of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky? Try to answer using additional materials.
- Why, in your opinion, was “The Snow Maiden” met with ambiguity by some writers?
Topics for essays, messages, creative works
- “The Snow Maiden” and oral folk art.
- Hymn of love (based on the pages of A.N. Ostrovsky’s “spring fairy tale”).
- Romantic traditions in "The Snow Maiden".
- Performers in the play and in the opera (story about the actors).
- House-museum of A. N. Ostrovsky in Moscow: House in Zamoskvorechye. M., 1988.
- Zhuravleva A.I., Makeev M.S. A.N. Ostrovsky. M., 1997.
- Lobanov M. Ostrovsky. M., 1979 (ZhZL).
- Sakharov V.I. A.N. Ostrovsky in life and work. M., 2012
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Folk tales occupy a rather serious place in the Russian ethnic group. They express the aspirations, hopes, fears, and even just people. Most Russian fairy tales are permeated with kindness and faith in justice. Sometimes we come across the fact that a writer takes the plot of some folk tale as a basis and develops it in his own way. An example is the work of such a writer as Nikolai Ostrovsky. "Snow Maiden", summary which everyone has known since childhood, received a new and instructive twist under the author’s pen.
Love of Frost and Spring
Let's take a closer look at what N. Ostrovsky writes about. “The Snow Maiden,” the summary of which can be conveyed in a few sentences, is filled with a lot of instructive messages for readers. Imagine the ancient mythical country of the Berendeys. And then one day an unprecedented event occurred in her. Spring comes to Krasnaya Gorka near Berendeyev Posad (the royal capital). Yes, not alone, but with all her magnificent retinue. She has a noble retinue - cranes and swans. However, the country of the Berendeys does not greet Spring kindly (as it seems to her, the reason for this is their relationship with old Frost). After all, the father of her daughter named Snegurochka is Frost.
Not only in the country of the Berendeys are dissatisfied with this course of things. The sun also expresses dissatisfaction and threatens to no longer warm the earth. Therefore, Spring, in order to somehow help the animals warm up, invites them to sing and dance. However, as soon as they begin to move, an angry cold blizzard immediately arises. Spring gathers all the birds and hides them in the bushes in the hope that the next day will bring long-awaited warmth.
Father's warning
On top of everything else, old Frost appears from the forest, reminding Vesna to take care of her common child. He offers to hide the Snow Maiden in the depths of the forest, where the warm tower is located. Mother Spring also shows care in her own way - she wants her child to live among people and enjoy life with them. The meeting turns into a quarrel. Frost knows that the hot Yarilo wants to destroy the Snow Maiden, making it so that when the fire of love lights up in her heart, she will simply melt. He tells all this to Vesna. But she doesn’t believe Moroz’s arguments.
From the very beginning we see the difference in the plots folk tale and the one that Ostrovsky wrote. “The Snow Maiden,” a summary of the chapters of which we are considering, continues like this. After a long argument, the parents decided to give the girl to be raised by the childless Bobyl. They say there are no guys there, which means the Snow Maiden’s heart will be safe. The girl herself admits that she has long dreamed of living with people, singing songs and having fun round dances. In addition, it turns out that the Snow Maiden is not completely indifferent to the young shepherd Lel. This particularly alarmed Moroz. He warns his daughter with all the sternness of a father to stay away from the shepherd, communication with whom could destroy her.
Adoptive parents
The summary of the story “The Snow Maiden” (Ostrovsky superbly describes the farewell to Maslenitsa) will continue with the fact that the Berendeys rejoice at the arrival of Spring, greeting it with songs and dances. Bobyl meets in a remote thicket a beautiful, richly dressed girl who asks to be his adopted daughter. Life is not easy for the Snow Maiden. The thing is that, being overly bashful, she, according to the Bobyls, discouraged all potential suitors. But they so wanted to get rich at the expense of the family into which the girl would be married.
Suddenly, the shepherd Lel comes to stay with the Bobylys. No one wanted to take a handsome and charming guy into their house, fearing that the owner’s daughters would not be able to resist him. What to take from the poor shepherd? A very unprofitable game. Therefore, fellow villagers collect money and give it to Lel so that he can find a place to live somewhere other than with them. Tempted by money, the Bobyls let the young man into the house.
The Snow Maiden's inexperience
How accurately and deeply Ostrovsky reveals his characters! “The Snow Maiden” is a play, a brief summary of which cannot convey the entire palette of characters. Let's look into the relationship between the handsome shepherd and the innocent, modest Snow Maiden. Despite the fact that she likes Lelya’s songs, and the guy himself, the girl’s innate shyness clearly prevents the young people from getting closer.
And the shepherd turned out to be not entirely selfless. He doesn’t just want to sing for the pleasure of his ears. He asks for more material gifts. For example, kisses. But Snegurochka does not understand Lelya’s aspirations. She gave the young man a flower with all her heart for the song he sang. The shepherd, tired of explaining the obvious, threw him out and went off to other girls who, in his opinion, could better appreciate talent and beauty.
Beauty is a subject of envy and resentment
What else does Ostrovsky emphasize? “The Snow Maiden” (a summary of the fairy tale cannot be left without some details) was written a long time ago, but even today we find many instructive moments. So, Snegurochka, despite her popularity among young people, cannot find friends. After all, all the guys are looking at her, and the girls don’t want to communicate with Vesna’s daughter.
The only one who showed kindness to the Snow Maiden was Kupava, the daughter of a rich peasant. She is so frank with the girl that she shares her happiness - the rich merchant Mizgir from the Tsar's Posad wooed her. There will be a wedding soon. After some time, the groom himself appears. He arrives with many gifts that he wants to give to Kupava’s relatives and close people in honor of his marriage.
Kupava introduces Snegurochka to her lover and invites her to a bachelorette party organized on the occasion of her imminent marriage. But Mizgir falls in love with the Snow Maiden at first sight, completely forgetting about Kupava. He officially announces to the girl the termination of the engagement, citing his unexpected love for the Snow Maiden. Kupava is so shocked that she decides to commit suicide by drowning herself in the river, but the shepherd Lel manages to save her. Of course, Kupava, like all the other girls in the village, harbored a grudge.
Disfavor of God Yarila
Let's continue to study the summary. The fairy tale “The Snow Maiden” (Ostrovsky built it on the basis of ancient folk beliefs) takes us to a time when people worshiped natural gods. Thus, it seems to Tsar Berendey that lately the god Yarilo has been unkind to his kingdom. It provides little warmth, does not allow the crop to ripen, and generally appears rarely.
He tells his close associate Bermyata about this. The Tsar is sure that Yarilo is angry with his subjects for the lack of warmth of love in their hearts. As a bright and warm deity, this is unpleasant for him.
Berendey's plan: summary
Ostrovsky N., whose “Snow Maiden” “exposes” all human passions, leads to an angry Kupava. She asks to punish the traitor. Justifying himself, Mizgir explained to the king that he no longer considered Kupava his bride, and did not want to marry without sincere love. After listening to the merchant, the previously silent Bermyata suggested that the king force him to marry Kupava. However, here the girl herself opposed, declaring that she didn’t need such a traitor for nothing. Mizgir replied that from now on he considers the Snow Maiden his bride.
All this interferes with Berendey’s plan, according to which his subjects need to enter into the maximum number of marriages. And the sooner the better. This should appease Yarila. Bermyata was skeptical about the royal plans, citing the fact that recently more and more suburban girls are quarreling with their boyfriends. They are captivated by the beauty of the Snow Maiden.
The Tsar meets the Snow Maiden
The angry Berendey sentences the merchant to exile from the country. Mizgir agrees with the punishment, but invites the king to look at the beauty for himself, because of whom there is so much talk. Soon Bobyli and his adopted daughter appeared before the king.
Berendey was amazed at the beauty and chastity of the Snow Maiden, immediately estimating that if she were given a successful marriage, Yarilo would definitely be satisfied. However, here again the question of grooms arose. The Snow Maiden's heart is cold, and she does not want to get married. Puzzled Berendey asks his wife, Elena the Beautiful, for advice. The queen, having understood the situation, explained to her husband that only the shepherd Lel could melt the girl’s heart.
Magic gift of Spring
It would seem that the end is not far off. But passions are only heating up. This is exactly what Ostrovsky intended. The Snow Maiden (a summary of the actions of this fairy tale accurately conveys the libretto for Rimsky-Korsakov's opera) does not interest Lel. He is very passionate about Kupava, so much so that he wants to sing his songs only for her. Inviting the Snow Maiden to a night celebration, the shepherd is not at all going to give her his heart, hinting that the girl has not already appreciated his aspirations. She does not understand carnal feelings, and Lel rejects the girl.
Mizgir also wastes no time and strives to win his beloved. But the Snow Maiden is not interested in the merchant’s wealth. The angry Mizgir tries to take the girl by force, but the magical inhabitants of the forest protect the daughter of old Frost. As Ostrovsky wrote, the Snow Maiden (the very brief summary does not allow us to fully reveal all the nuances of the plot) is always under the tutelage of Leshy.
In desperation, she asks Vesna to teach her human love. The mother, on the last day of her reign (after all, Yarilo rises in the morning) cannot refuse her daughter. But she still recalled that these feelings are “like death.” The Snow Maiden agrees to do anything just to know love. Spring puts a magic wreath on the girl’s head: the first man her daughter meets will become her chosen one.
The destructive rays of the sun
The Snow Maiden meets Mizgir, to whom she gives her love. The merchant is happy and does not believe the Snow Maiden’s fears about the first rays of the Sun. He solemnly brings the girl to Yarilina Mountain, where all the Berendei have gathered, and the king blesses all the couples who are going to get married.
Unfortunately, Ostrovsky ends the tale tragically. The Snow Maiden (the summary does not contain all the girl’s experiences) dies with the first rays of the sun. The merchant is so shocked that he rushes straight from the mountain into the pool, where he drowns. However, their death did not make an impression on Tsar Berendey. He believes that Yarilo received a great sacrifice, and now life in their kingdom will improve.
not fully solved" (A. Blok)
The comedy "Woe from Wit" was written between 1815 and 1820. The content of the play is closely related to the historical events of that time in Russia. The work remains relevant in our time. In those days, society included defenders of serfdom and Decembrists, imbued with love for the Motherland and opposing violence against individuals.
The comedy describes the clash of two centuries: the “present century” with the “past century.” A striking example of the old times is the so-called Famus society. These are acquaintances and relatives of Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov, a wealthy Moscow gentleman, in whose house the play takes place. These are Khlestova, the Gorichi spouses, Skalozub, Molchalin and others. All these people are united by one point of view on life. They are all cruel serf owners; human trafficking is considered normal among them. The serfs save their lives and honor, serve sincerely, and they can exchange them for a pair of greyhounds. So at Famusov’s ball, Khlestova tells Sophia to give her a sop from dinner for her blackamoor - a girl and a dog. She doesn't see any difference between them. This remains relevant today. When a rich person with power and money can humiliate another person of lower level. The ideals for the current society are rich people in ranks. Famusov uses Kuzma Petrovich as an example to Chatsky, who was a respectable chamberlain, “with a key,” “rich and was married to a rich woman.” Pavel Afanasyevich wants a groom like Skalozub for his daughter, because he “has a golden bag and aspires to be a general.”
All representatives of Famus society are characterized by an indifferent attitude towards affairs. Famusov, a “government manager,” deals with affairs only once; at Molchalin’s insistence, he signs the papers, despite the fact that they “contradict and contain many things.” He thinks: “It’s signed, off your shoulders.” The saddest thing is that these days people think exactly the same as Famusov. Almost everyone has an irresponsible attitude towards work. This is the unsurpassability of great comedy; it remains vital and relevant in the 20th century.
Main character plays by Chatsky, through whom the author expresses his progressive ideas. He opposes the senseless imitation of everything foreign. He wants to punish those around him that they must love and respect Russian culture. Chatsky says that a Frenchman from Bordeaux, who came to Moscow, did not hear “a word of a Russian” and did not see “a Russian face” here. The comedy "Woe from Wit" is unique in world literature, since no one except Griboyedov reveals the whole reality of the events taking place.
In the comedy, Chatsky is declared crazy because representatives of Famus society do not understand his ideas. He alone does not want to put up with the humiliation of people over people. Chatsky failed to correctly prove the correctness of his beliefs and still cannot reveal the secret. The comedy remains unsolved because humanity blindly follows life events without wanting to change anything.
Texts are all around us. Text is a concept that is both philosophical and linguistic, general and specific. But in everyday life Most people are faced with the linguistic aspect of the text, that is, a certain sequence of symbols connected by a common meaning, purpose and form. In this interpretation, the texts were and remain an indispensable source of information about everything in the world, from culinary recipes to the basic principles of string theory. We heard the first texts in our lives, then we ourselves learned to pronounce their simplest examples. And they didn’t think about the complexity of that system until they went to school and learned that texts can also be read, written down and analyzed.
Since text is a truly complex and even multitasking system, there are many different processes associated with them and based on them. Secondary school students encounter some of them when they undergo the compulsory Russian language program. As part of mastering text rubrication. The value of this skill can hardly be overestimated, because it allows you to better understand and remember even large amounts of information, the content of book paragraphs, literary works, lecture notes, and simply structures and organizes the thought process. Therefore, it will be very useful for both schoolchildren and their parents to learn how to draw up a thesis plan for a text.
What is a thesis plan
The thesis plan of the text is only one of the existing types of its structuring. It is based on the fact that each connected text has a certain structure, and its parts are logically interconnected in meaning. Moreover, each part contains an expression of thought that complements the general meaning of the text, but allows it to be divided into semantic subsections. This semantic basis of the text is the basis for drawing up a thesis plan. It consists, accordingly, of theses - that is, laconic phrases that formulate in a concise form the main idea of each part of the text.
As a rule, the authors of the texts have already left a kind of hint for those who will subsequently have to divide their work into parts. Because in a well-written text, paragraphs contain their own provisions, and the theses coincide with them. In other words, it is enough to understand what each individual part of the text is saying in order to derive the thesis from that part. But what if the semantic basis of the text is not very clearly structured? What if the same idea occurs in the text several times in different parts of it or is formulated ambiguously? In this case, other types of plans will come to the rescue, the most common of which are:
- interrogative;
- quotation;
- nominative (simple and complex).
Any of these types of outlines help organize the information presented in the text and use it as a basis for its summary. But no plan helps to fix in memory and assimilate its nuances as well. Therefore, if you or your child/student is faced with the task of preparing for a speech, remembering the details of a speech, lecture, essay or article, then the best way I can’t think of anything better than drawing up a thesis plan. But in order for it to really help and not confuse you, you need to compose it correctly. Rules for drawing up a thesis plan for a text
Theses, as the main semantic component of the text, are not homogeneous in their essence and significance for conveying information. There are original and secondary theses. If we are talking about completing a school assignment or preparing for public speaking, secondary theses can be neglected and one can concentrate one’s attention on the original ones, because they play the role of a supporting scheme for restoring in memory the main ideas of the text and their development in a logical sequence. When starting to compile a thesis plan for the text, to obtain an optimal (that is, concise but meaningful) result, follow these recommendations:
- Read the text slowly. You may need several readings to understand all the details of its content and form.
- Mentally answer the question: “What did the author want to say?” Then determine not only the main idea of the entire text, but also those logical “steps” by which the author of the text led the reader to the final idea.
- Match these sequential thoughts with the structural parts of the text. If it's written in a draft or electronic document, you can even label each one by listing it next to the corresponding sentence and/or paragraph.
- These individual thoughts are the basis of the thesis. Make sure that they all differ in content and do not repeat each other.
- Close your eyes or hide the written text, and then mentally reformulate each individual thought in your own words. Your task is to talk about its main content, getting rid of unimportant little things and details that do not carry the main content. Reduce artistic, “decorative” elements, leaving only the significant ones, without which the idea will be lost.
- Thus, you have already done the lion's share of the work: identified and formulated theses. If they can be shortened without losing their meaning, do so. If they already contain only the essence, proceed to drawing up a plan.
- Unlike other types of plan, a thesis plan does not require creating a special heading for each item: they are already formulated theses. Write them down sequentially in the same order in which they are located in the author's text, without disturbing it.
- In some cases, it is permissible to change the order of the theses if this is justified by the development of the plot (for example, several parallel storylines) or helps you better navigate the content.
- After writing down the abstracts and numbering them, close the original text and get distracted for a while, do something else and don’t think about the plan. Then re-read it and try to use it to reconstruct the content of the original text. It is best to do this the next day, after a night's rest.
- If the content, logic of arguments and idea of the author’s text can be easily reproduced using your thesis plan, then you can be congratulated. It is compiled correctly and will allow you to speak well in front of an audience and/or get an excellent grade in class!
The easiest way to create a thesis plan is a simple text divided into small paragraphs. In some cases, taking into account the complex author's presentation of information in the text, one paragraph may contain two or more ideas. Then the task of the thesis outline writer becomes to carefully monitor and highlight each of them, because skipping even one link in the logic of the narrative disrupts the construction of the entire plot. If necessary, each thesis can be divided into subthesis - sometimes this tactic allows you to complete the task faster. But in most cases, when it comes to class or homework, it is enough to understand what the text is about and formulate the provisions that contain its key ideas.
