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Osadchaya E.V.
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Presentation for the lesson "Nuclear Energy" for 9th grade students

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Why was there a need to use nuclear fuel?
Increasing growth in energy consumption in the world. Natural reserves of organic fuel are limited. The global chemical industry is increasing the volume of consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes, therefore, despite the discovery of new deposits of organic fuel and the improvement of methods of its extraction, there is a tendency in the world to increase its cost.

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Why is it necessary to develop nuclear energy?
The world's energy resources of nuclear fuel exceed the energy resources of natural reserves of organic fuel. This opens up broad prospects for meeting rapidly growing fuel demands. The problem of “energy hunger” cannot be solved by the use of renewable energy sources. There is an obvious need to develop nuclear energy, which occupies a prominent place in the energy balance of a number of industrial countries around the world.

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Nuclear energy

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NUCLEAR ENERGY
PRINCIPLE

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Ernst Rutherford
In 1937, Lord Ernest Rutherford argued that it would never be possible to produce nuclear energy in more or less significant quantities sufficient for practical use.

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Enrico Fermi
In 1942, under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor.

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On July 16, 1945, at 5:30 a.m. local time, the first atomic bomb was tested in the Alamogordo Desert (New Mexico, USA).
But...

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In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the USSR under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov. Under his leadership, a project for the world's first nuclear power plant was developed.
Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich

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In January 1954, a new type of submarine, a nuclear submarine, named after its famous predecessor, Nautilus, rolled off the docks of the US Navy in Groton (Connecticut).
The first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" 1958
First submarine

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On June 27, 1954, the first in the world was launched in Obninsk nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW.
First nuclear power plant

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Following the first nuclear power plant, the following nuclear power plants were built in the 50s: Calder Hall-1 (1956, UK); Shippingport (1957, USA); Sibirskaya (1958, USSR); G-2, Marcoul (1959, France). After gaining experience in operating the first-born nuclear power industry in the USSR, USA, and countries Western Europe programs for the construction of prototypes of future serial power units were developed.

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On September 17, 1959, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker, Lenin, built at the Leningrad Admiralty Plant and assigned to the Murmansk Shipping Company, set out on its maiden voyage.
The first nuclear icebreaker

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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Saving organic fuel. Small masses of fuel. Getting a lot of power from one reactor. Low energy cost. No need for atmospheric air.
Environmentally friendly (if used correctly).

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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Highly qualified and responsible personnel. Open to terrorism and blackmail with catastrophic consequences.
flaws
Reactor safety. Safety of the territories surrounding nuclear power plants. Features of repair. The difficulty of dismantling a nuclear power facility. The need for disposal of radioactive waste.

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NUCLEAR ENERGY

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Facts: The structure of the world's fuel and energy balance (FEB) and electric power industry is dominated, respectively, by oil (40%) and coal (38%). In the global fuel and energy balance, gas (22%) ranks third after coal (25%), and in the structure of the electric power industry, gas (16%) is in penultimate place, ahead only of oil (9%) and inferior to all other types of energy carriers, including nuclear energy ( 17%).

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A unique situation has developed in Russia: gas dominates both in the fuel and energy sector (49%) and in the electric power industry (38%). Russian nuclear energy occupies a relatively modest place (15%) in electricity production compared to the world average (17%).

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The use of the peaceful atom remains one of priority areas development of Russian energy. Despite its relatively modest place in the overall electricity production in the country, the nuclear industry has a huge number of practical applications (creation of weapons with nuclear components, export of technology, space exploration). The number of disruptions in the operation of our nuclear power plants is constantly decreasing: in terms of the number of power unit shutdowns, Russia is today second only to Japan and Germany.

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In the context of a global energy crisis, when the price of oil has already exceeded $100 per barrel, the development of such promising and high-tech areas as the nuclear industry will allow Russia to maintain and strengthen its influence in the world.
07.02.2008

Nuclear power plants (NPP)State University of Management
Institute of Management in Industry and Energy
and construction
Nuclear power plants
(nuclear power plant)
Fayustov Anatoly Afanasyevich
Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Innovation Management
in the real sector of the economy
2013 Nuclear power plants (NPP)
Classification of nuclear power plants by type
released energy
Classification of nuclear power plants by reactor type
Operating principle of nuclear power plants
Characteristics of VVER-1000
NPP of Russia
Floating nuclear power plant
(FNPP)
Sources of information
2

Nuclear power plants (NPP)

Classification of nuclear power plants by type of energy generated

Classification of nuclear power plants by reactor type

Producing electricity at nuclear power plants

Operating principle of nuclear power plants

Scheme of operation of nuclear power plants with (VVER)

Characteristics of VVER-1000 (Water-Water Power Reactor)

Operating nuclear power plants in Russia

Designed nuclear power plants

Nuclear power plant turbine room

Machine room

Central hall of the nuclear power plant

Reactor hall of the nuclear power plant

Loading fuel elements

Fuel assembly

Cooling towers (Novovoronezh NPP)

Cooling towers

BILIBINSKAYA NUCLEAR HEAT AND POWER PLANT. Magadan region. Machine room

Floating Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) (Project)

Geography of the planned deployment of floating nuclear power plants in Russia

Sources of information

Up to 3032 billion kW/h in 2020, Nuclear energy: pros and cons Advantages atomic power plants (nuclear power plants) before thermal ones (CHP) and... said in the prophecy? After all, wormwood in Ukrainian means Chernobyl... Nuclear energy- one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of humanity in...

Nuclear energy Kharchenko Yulia Nafisovna Physics teacher Municipal Educational Institution Bakcharskaya Secondary School Purpose of the NPP - electricity generation NPP Power unit Nuclear reactor " atomic boiler... which tested fundamental technical solutions for a large nuclear power plant energy. Three power units were built at the station: two...

Nuclear energy as the basis of long-term...

...: General layout of electric power facilities until 2020. Nuclear energy and economic growth in 2007 – 23.2 GW... -1.8 Source: Research by Tomsk Polytechnic University Nuclear energy SWOT analysis Strengths Opportunities Comparable level of economic...

Nuclear energy and its environmental...

In Obninsk. From this moment the story begins atomic energy. Pros and cons of nuclear power plants What are the pros and cons of... working, bringing with it a terrible slow death. Atomic icebreaker "Lenin" Peaceful atom must live Nuclear energy, having experienced the hard lessons of Chernobyl and other accidents...

Nuclear energy in Russia in a changing...

Energy market Society's request for accelerated development atomic energy Demonstration of developing consumer properties of nuclear power plants: ● guaranteed... by cooling: meeting the system requirements of large-scale atomic energy on fuel use, handling of minor actinides...

Hundreds of times more power. Obninsk Institute atomic energy Nuclear reactors Industrial nuclear reactors were initially developed in... and developed most intensively - in the USA. Prospects atomic energy. Two types of reactors are of interest here: “technologically...

Nuclear power plant, many people began to be extremely distrustful of atomic energy. Some fear radiation contamination around power plants. The use... of the surface of the seas and oceans is the result of action not atomic energy. Radiation contamination of nuclear power plants does not exceed the natural background...

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Hydroelectric power plants People have long been thinking about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (in the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known back in the 13th century. BC e.One of the first power plants were “Hydroelectric Power Plants”. These power plants were built on mountain rivers with quite strong currents. The construction of hydroelectric power stations made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the structure of the dams raised the water level and flooded river rapids, which prevented the free passage of river vessels.

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Conclusions: A dam is needed to create water pressure. However, hydroelectric dams worsen the living conditions of aquatic fauna. Dammed rivers, having slowed down, bloom, and vast areas of arable land go under water. Settled areas (if a dam is built) will be flooded, the damage that will be caused is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks is needed for the passage of ships and fish passages or water intake structures for irrigating fields and water supply. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not require fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity

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Thermal power plants At thermal power plants, the source of energy is fuel: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of thermal power plants reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with the release of hot steam. From an environmental point of view, thermal power plants are the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is integrally associated with the combustion of huge amounts of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. When combined with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its influence on climate change is already being observed!

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Nuclear power plant Supplies of energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, there are 400-500 years of coal deposits left in Russia at the current level of production, and even less gas - 30-60 years. And here nuclear energy comes first. Nuclear power plants are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector. Currently, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. A nuclear power plant is the basis of the energy sector that uses nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and heating.

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Conclusions: Nuclear energy is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. This releases colossal energy, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The operation of any plant or machine, in general any human activity, is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. People tend to be more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception.

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Wind power plants For a very long time, seeing the destruction that storms and hurricanes can bring, people thought about whether it was possible to use wind energy. Wind energy is very strong. This energy can be obtained without polluting environment. But wind has two significant drawbacks: energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is unpredictable - it often changes direction, suddenly calms down even in the windiest areas of the globe, and sometimes reaches such strength that it breaks windmills. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-bladed “daisy” and propellers like airplane propellers with three, two, or even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch wind from any direction; the rest have to turn with the wind.

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Conclusions: The construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines that operate 24 hours a day in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind power plants of the same capacity as hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants or nuclear power plants, in comparison with them, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, they build huge “wind farms” in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast space and work for a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of wind turbines and reservoirs require large areas that are used for arable land. In addition, wind power plants are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with the reception of television programs in nearby populated areas.

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Solar power plants In the thermal balance of the Earth, solar radiation plays a decisive role. The power of radiation incident on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on Earth without significantly disturbing the thermal balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible, with the help of solar panels, to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations.

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Conclusions: Great dissipation of energy and instability of its supply are the disadvantages of solar energy. These shortcomings are partially compensated by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the production and use of “clean” solar energy. To increase the power of solar power plants, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar panels - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere.

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Geothermal energy About 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in rock strata. Waters whose temperature exceeds 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geothermal power plants) are built. Geothermal power plants are designed relatively simply: there is no boiler room, fuel supply equipment, ash collectors and many other devices necessary for thermal power plants. Since the fuel at such power plants is free, the cost of generated electricity is low.

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Nuclear energy The energy sector that uses nuclear energy for electrification and heating; A field of science and technology that develops methods and means for converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which marked the beginning of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. Over 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW operated in 27 countries around the world. According to experts, the share of nuclear energy in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the safety concept for nuclear power plants are implemented.

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Development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA, under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI (Fermi) Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the creators of nuclear and neutron physics, founder of scientific schools in Italy and the USA, foreign corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the USA. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi-Dirac statistics; 1925), the theory of beta decay (1934). Discovered (with collaborators) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, the moderation of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (December 2, 1942). Nobel Prize (1938).

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Development of nuclear energy In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov. KURCHATOV Igor Vasilyevich (1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Researched ferroelectrics. Together with his colleagues, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), the spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), and the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and nuclear power plant (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).